Warehouse Employment Surges 14 Percent in the State, While Workers Continue to be Injured at High Rates, Especially at Amazon

1. Key Findings

An analysis of the latest available data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration shows persistently high rates of warehouse worker injury and these key findings:

• As warehouse jobs grow, workers in that industry—who are disproportionately Black and Latinx—experience injuries more than workers in any other industry in New York State.  Warehousing jobs have more than doubled since 2010 in New York State (NYS), and grew 14 percent in 2022, compared to 4 percent job growth in the rest of the private sector. Alarmingly, New Yorkers working in the warehouse industry—who are disproportionately Black and Latinx—were injured at a higher rate than people working in any other industry in New York State in 2021, the latest year for which data are available.[1] The vast majority of injuries in NYS warehouses—88 percent—were cases severe enough that workers could not continue performing their normal job duties and had to either change job duties or take time off work to recover. Warehouse workers suffered such injuries at a rate of 6.5 cases per 100 workers, which is quadruple the rate of the NYS private sector average of 1.4 cases per 100 workers (Figure 1).
• Amazon workers are injured at even higher rates than their industry peers in New York State. Amazon is a major employer in the warehousing and logistics sector in New York State, representing about a quarter of NYS warehousing and logistics employment.[2] According to the most recent data that Amazon self-reported to OSHA, Amazon warehousing and facilities workers in NYS are injured at a rate of 8.2 per 100 workers, a rate the equivalent of one injury for every 12 full-time equivalent employees (FTEs), compared to a rate of 6.9 for workers in non-Amazon warehousing and logistics facilities (Figure 2). Moreover, Amazon’s self-reported data may not even reflect the true extent of the injury crisis at the company. An OSHA investigation at ALB1, an Amazon fulfillment center in Schodack, NY, recently revealed that Amazon failed to record various job-related injuries requiring medical attention over a 6-week period in June 2022, which if annualized would have increased the total injury rate by about 50 percent at the facility.[3] Amazon’s injury rate has remained persistently high, declining only slightly in 2022 from a rate of 9 cases per 100 FTEs in 2021, despite an active investigation by OSHA at two of its NYS facilities during that period.[4]
• Almost all the injuries to New York State Amazon workers were of the most serious kind. Ninety-five percent of injuries that NYS Amazon workers experienced in 2022 were cases severe enough that workers could not continue performing their normal job duties and had to either change job duties or take time off work to recover.[5] (See Figure 2.)
• New York State Amazon workers experience the most serious injuries at a 37 percent higher rate than non-Amazon warehousing and logistics workers statewide. Amazon workers experienced the most serious injuries at a rate of 7.8 cases per 100 FTEs, compared to a rate of 5.6 for their counterparts in similar jobs at other companies. Injury rates at Walmart and UPS, the two other of the largest warehousing and logistics employers in NYS, also surpass the NYS average injury rate for all private sector workers (1.4). However, Amazon workers were the most likely to experience injuries of the most serious type, meaning those requiring missed work or job transfer. Amazon workers in NYS were 40 percent more likely than their counterparts at UPS and 68 percent more likely than their counterparts at Walmart to suffer these most serious types of injuries.[6] (See Figure 3.)
• Rensselaer County Amazon facility ranked among the highest in worker injuries of all Amazon facilities nationally for the second year in a row. Amazon’s ALB1 fulfillment center in Schodack/Castleton-on-Hudson had the highest rate (19.8) of injuries requiring missed work or job transfer of any Amazon fulfillment center in the country in 2021. In 2022, that rate declined only slightly to 17.9, despite an active OSHA investigation during that time.[7] Over the last few years, workers at that facility have been actively organizing for safer work conditions.

2. Warehouse worker injuries are largely preventable through better job design, such as reducing stressful postures and providing appropriate equipment.

Among the most common injuries that warehouse workers experience are musculoskeletal injuries (MSDs) such as lower back injuries and other muscle strain injuries—injuries that are often caused by the rapid, forceful, and awkward movements without sufficient recovery time.[8] Decades of scientific research have shown that changes in job design—commonly referred to as ergonomic interventions—can reduce the incidence and severity of workplace musculoskeletal injuries.[9] Such controls in warehouses may include simple, low-cost, commercially-available engineering solutions and other methods to prevent injuries, such as adjustable-height workstations, tool and handle redesign, mechanical lifting aids, job rotation, reduction of repetitions, and multiple person lifts.[10]

Indeed, federal regulators have recently identified numerous job design flaws at Amazon warehouses around the country—including in New York State—as the causes for high rates of job-related injury at those facilities. Earlier this year, OSHA completed a detailed, six-month investigation of the high injury rates at two Amazon facilities in New York State (New Windsor, NY, and Castleton-on-Hudson/Schodack) and determined that multiple major departments in each facility created unacceptable risks of low back injury by failing to provide adequate conveyors, needlessly requiring workers to lift heavy objects from the floor instead of elevated surfaces and failure to provide adequate motorized equipment such as electric pallet jacks (to eliminate the assignment of workers to manually push and pull heavy pallets filled with packages).[11]

3. Existing federal and state laws are inadequate to protect New York State workers as the warehousing and logistics sectors grow rapidly.

Unfortunately, neither federal law nor New York State law currently requires employers to design jobs in a manner that reduces the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Moreover, even the meager health and safety protections afforded to workers under federal law are undermined by OSHA’s appeals process which allows employers like Amazon to delay fixing the underlying problems for years while the company’s appeals are pending. And during that time, under federal law, workers’ legal right to participate in an appeal is weak and in most cases blocks them from seeking redress through the courts. This differs from the enforcement mechanisms for other workplace standards such as the minimum wage, in which workers have greater access to the court system to seek back pay for wage theft. Finally, OSHA has very limited authority to protect workers from retaliation if they complain about workplace hazards, so full enforcement of OSHA’s anti-retaliation rules often takes years as well.

State lawmakers must respond to this urgent and growing crisis by requiring employers to bring in qualified ergonomists to evaluate worksite and job designs in order to prevent and reduce musculoskeletal injuries as well as establish strong protections against retaliation for workers who demand safe job design.

4. Recommendations

New York State lawmakers took an important step last year in passing the Warehouse Worker Protection Act that regulates dangerous quotas in the industry. To effectively mitigate the warehouse worker injury crisis, lawmakers must also pass the Warehouse Worker Injury Reduction Act (WWIRA) (S5081/A03309), sponsored by Senator Jessica Ramos and Assemblymember Latoya Joyner, which would address the critical issue of warehouse job design to protect workers in the rapidly growing warehousing and logistics sectors.

Covering warehousing and logistics firms that employ at least 100 workers in one facility or more than 1000 workers in New York State, the WWIRA will help address high rates of warehouse workplace injuries in five key ways. The proposed Act would:

1. 1. Require expert evaluation of each large warehouse for potential risks of musculoskeletal disorders—the most frequent type of serious, disabling injury in the warehousing industry. (See Appendix 1 for examples of job design changes to reduce injury risk.)
   2. Mandate worker training on the prevention of musculoskeletal injury and the formation of worker health and safety committees to address worksite hazards.
   3. Improve on-site medical care to ensure that warehouse workers with symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries receive appropriate treatment and medical referral in a timely manner.
   4. Establish a private right of action to allow employees to directly enforce their rights
      under the Act.
   5. Grant the New York State Department of Labor additional powers to ensure that the law is effectively enforced, including establishing a pool of qualified experts to do on-site evaluations.

Special thanks to Eric Frumin (Strategic Organizing Center) and Nicole Marquez (NELP) for their invaluable contributions to this report.